THE ILLUMINATOR

Tibetan-English
Encyclopaedic Dictionary

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རྣམ་གཅོད་ཀྱི་སྒྲ་
Transliteration: rnam gcod kyi sgra
<phrase> "Term of elimination". This is the name given to the class of ཚིག་ཕྲད་ phrase connectors which རྣམ་པར་གཅོད་པ་ cause an eliminative decision to be made in the mind. E.g., ཁོ་ན་ and ཉིད་ which, depending on their application, indicate the presence or absence of a feature in the base to which they have been applied in the manner of an "eliminative decision". In English grammar, they w…
གཡོས་
Transliteration: g-yos
I. <verb> Imp. of གཡོ་བ་ q.v.
II. <noun> 1) The ལོང་ག་ large intestine of the body. 2) A basic intertsheg of the Tibetan language with the meanings "cooked food". It is combined with various other མིང་ grammatical names or ཚིག་ཕྲད་ connectors to give words that contain its meaning e.g., གཡོས་ཐབ་ "kitchen hearth", "cooking hearth", "stove"; གཡོས་སྦྱོར་ "cooking", "the art of cooking", a…
འབྱེད་སྡུད་ཀྱི་སྒྲ་
Transliteration: 'byed sdud kyi sgra
<phrase> "Term of separation-inclusion". Grammar term. The name for the ཚིག་ཕྲད་ phrase connectors that indicate the non-case functions of འབྱེད་སྡུད་ "separation-inclusion" q.v. A group of eleven, ཕྲད་གཞན་དབང་ཅན་ dependent, non-case connectors are used to perform the function: གམ་, ངམ་, དམ་, ནམ་, བམ་, མམ་, འམ་, རམ་, ལམ་, སམ་, and ཏམ་ q.v.
ཏོ་
Transliteration: to
<ཚིག་ཕྲད་ phrase connector> One of eleven forms of the སླར་བསྡུ་ concluding connector q.v.
Placement: These connectors are of ཕྲད་གཞན་དབང་ཅན་ the dependent type. When a concluding connector is required, this one must be used following a word that has an ending letter which is a re-suffixed ད་, even when the ད་ letter is not written in new orthography. E.g., འགྱུརད་ཏོ། is correct in old ortho…

གདུག་
Transliteration: gdug
A basic intertsheg of the Tibetan language that has the connotations of "malevolent", "poisonous in nature and causing harm", "deleterious". It describes the quality of an evil sorcerer who is bad to start with, has the necessary potions to cause harm, and who does use them. It is also used to describe the quality of "cruelty". Contact with this quality results in being harmed. The term is relate…
ཐག་
Transliteration: thag
A basic intertsheg of the language with the sense of the distance between two things. It is combined with various other མིང་ grammatical names or ཚིག་ཕྲད་ connectors to give words that contain its meaning e.g., ཐག་རིང་ meaning "distance". E.g., [TC] ས་ཐག་ལེ་དབར་ཁྲི་ཕྲག་གིས་ཆོད་པ། "the two places were separated by (a distance of) ten thousand laybar". E.g., in ཐག་ཆོད་པ་ which means to make a final…
ཚིག་གྲོགས་
Transliteration: tshig grogs
<noun> "Phrase assistive". The name of a particular part of speech in Tibetan grammar which has no equivalent in English grammar. It is one of three, related parts of speech: ཚིག་ཕྲད་ phrase connectors; ཚིག་གྲོགས་ phrase assistives; and ཚིག་རྒྱན་ phrase ornaments q.v. Phrase assistives derive their name from the fact that they help other ཚིག་ words or phrases either to be complete or to hav…
བདེ་
Transliteration: bde
A basic intertsheg of the language with the general sense of ease, happiness. Freq. used to translate the Sanskrit "su" e.g., the Sanskrit sukha translates to བདེ་བ་ in which case the Sanskrit opp. "dur" is usually translated with ངན་ q.v. The term covers a wide range of meaning from "comfort" and absence of difficulty, through happiness, great happiness, and bliss. It is combined with various ot…
འཇིགས་
Transliteration: 'jigs
A basic intertsheg of the Tibetan language with the connotation "fear". It is combined with various other མིང་ grammatical names or ཚིག་ཕྲད་ connectors to give words that contain its meaning. E.g., འཇིགས་པ་ is the simple verb and noun related to the meaning q.v. Note also འཇིགས་སྐྲག་དངངས་གསུམ་ which sums up the three main ways in Tibetan of talking about being afraid.
Related words are: fear, afra…
དོག་
Transliteration: dog
A basic intertsheg of the Tibetan language that has the two connotations of "narrow" and "confined" and the implication of "restriction", "lack of freedom due to restriction". For example, in its <adj> form དོག་པོ་ it is the opp. of ཡངས་པོ་ and hence is the opp. of "vast", "un-constricted", "un-restricted", "easy".
It is combined with various other མིང་ grammatical names or ཚིག་ཕྲད་ connecto…
ཚིག་
Transliteration: tshig
<noun> This term is usually translated into English as "word". However, Tibetan language does not have "words" in its structural makeup in the way that English language does. There are two main usages of this term in Tibetan. One is a looser usage that corresponds roughly to the idea of "wording" and in same cases becomes equivalent to "word" in English. In proper usage, i.e., usage that fo…
དམ་
Transliteration: dam
I. <ཚིག་ཕྲད་ phrase connector> One of a group of eleven connectors in grammar.
Placement: The group are ཕྲད་གཞན་དབང་ཅན་ dependent connectors. When one of these connectors is required, the appropriate one must be chosen from the group. The appropriate one depends on the ending letter of the preceding word. If the preceding word ends in letter ད་, this connector དམ་ must be used.
Meaning: This …

ཚིག་རྒྱན་
Transliteration: tshig rgyan
<noun> "Word ornament", "word enhancers", "ad-words". The name of a particular part of speech in Tibetan grammar which has no equivalent in English grammar. It is one of three, related parts of speech: ཚིག་ཕྲད་ phrase connectors; ཚིག་གྲོགས་ phrase assistives; and ཚིག་རྒྱན་ phrase ornaments q.v.
Word ornaments derive their name from the fact that all of them ornament i.e., provide additional …
འབུར་
Transliteration: 'bur
A basic intertsheg of the Tibetan language with the meaning "protrusion" or "bulge" or "protuberance". It is combined with various other མིང་ grammatical names or ཚིག་ཕྲད་ connectors to give words that contain its meaning e.g., འབུར་པོ་, འབུར་ཀྱོང་ and so on q.v. It has the sense of any kind of protrusion coming up and out of something else. It is used to refer to bumps on the ground, boils and o…
དགག་སྒྲ་
Transliteration: dgag sgra
<noun> "Term of negation" / "negative". The name given in grammar to a group of four ཚིག་ཕྲད་ phrase connectors that have the specific function of creating the negative construction. The four are: མ་, མི་, མིན་, and མེད་.
Placement: They are ཕྲད་རང་དབང་ཅན་ independent connectors q.v. so can be placed with any word. The two terms མ་ and མི་ are placed before the term to be negated e.g., མ་འགྲ…

ཙ་ན་
Transliteration: tsa na
<ཚིག་ཕྲད་ phrase connector> 1) It shows a reason. E.g., ངའི་གྲོགས་པོ་ཡིན་ཙ་ན་ཁྱེད་རོག་རམ་བྱེད་དགོས། "You are my friend so I must help you". 2) It shows the past perfect tense and connects what has just happened with what follows the connector. Tibetan glossaries state this meaning to be equivalent to དུས་སུ་ or སྐབས་སུ་ meaning when something has happened; at that time or in that case. E.g.…
ཏམ་
Transliteration: tam
I. <ཚིག་ཕྲད་ phrase connector> One of a group of eleven connectors in grammar.
Placement: The group are ཕྲད་གཞན་དབང་ཅན་ dependent connectors. When one of these connectors is required, the appropriate one must be chosen from the group. The appropriate one depends on the ending letter of the preceding word. If the preceding word ends in letter ན་, ར་, or ལ་ and has the letter ད་ re-suffixed (w…

བམ་
Transliteration: bam
I. A "lifeless" corpse. Although this is often given as "rotten", "putrid", etc., in fact it means a corpse which has lost all signs of life. See བམ་པ་ for more.
II. <ཚིག་ཕྲད་ phrase connector> One of a group of eleven connectors in grammar.
Placement: The group are ཕྲད་གཞན་དབང་ཅན་ dependent connectors. When one of these connectors is required, the appropriate one must be chosen from the grou…

མོ་མཚན་
Transliteration: mo mtshan
<phrase> Lit. "sign of the female". Translation of the Sanskrit "strīlinga". Opp. of ཕོ་མཚན་ q.v. 1) i) The female genitals overall. E.g., in རྨ་སྒོ་གསུམ་ it refers to the female vulva as a whole. ii) The female sexual organ, the "vagina" in particular, which is the mark of the female. Which of the two meanings is intended has to be known from context. 2) In grammar, the "sign of the female…
ཕྲུགས་
Transliteration: phrugs
I. <verb> Imp. of འཕྲུག་པ་ q.v.
II. <ཚིག་ཕྲད་ phrase connector> 1) Used to mean a certain amount of something else e.g., ཉིན་ཞག་ཕྲུགས་གཅིག "a single day of...". 2) Used to show a set of things that go together and usually best translated with "-fold" and possibly "set" included in the name. E.g., བྱ་བ་དགུ་ཕྲུགས་ "ninefold activities" or "the set of nine activities" or "the nine activit…
ཡི་
Transliteration: yi
I. <ཚིག་ཕྲད་ phrase connector><case connector> One of the group of five connectors ཀྱི་, གི་, གྱི་, འི་, and ཡི་ that have case function. These connectors are used to indicate the sixth Tibetan case called འབྲེལ་བ་ "connection". When any of them are in actual use as a connector that shows this case function, they are called འབྲེལ་བའི་སྒྲ་ "connective terms" q.v.
Placement: The connecto…

བུལ་
Transliteration: bul
A basic intertsheg of the Tibetan language with the meaning of a slow rate of progress. It is combined with various other མིང་ grammatical names or ཚིག་ཕྲད་ connectors to give words that contain its meaning e.g., in བུལ་བ་ q.v. and མྱུར་བུལ་. E.g., [TC] རྟ་ལས་བོང་བུ་བུལ། "a donkey is slower than a horse". E.g., ལས་ཀའི་ས་ཕྱོད་མགྱོགས་བུལ་རན་པ།
Note that this has been confused in some glossaries with…
སྟེ་
Transliteration: ste
<ཚིག་ཕྲད་ phrase connector> One of three forms of the ལྷག་བཅས་ "continuative" connector of Tibetan grammar q.v. for explanation.
Placement: These connectors are of ཕྲད་གཞན་དབང་ཅན་ the dependent type. When a continuative connector is required, this one must be used when the preceding word has མཐའ་རྟེན་ཅན་ an ending letter of ག་ ga, ང་ nga, བ་ ba, མ་ ma, and འ་ 'a, and when the preceding word …

གཏམ་
Transliteration: gtam
A basic intertsheg of the Tibetan language with the meaning information that is passed on verbally or orally. It is used alone to give a wide range of meanings and is also combined with various other མིང་ grammatical names or ཚིག་ཕྲད་ connectors to give words that contain its meaning e.g., གཏམ་རྒྱུད་ q.v. 1) It can mean any of the following: talk, story, tale, legend, rumour, hearsay, anecdote, n…