I.A.<ཚིག་ཕྲད་ phrase connector> It is one of several accessories that provide the བདག་པོའི་སྒྲ་ "term of the owner".
Placement: These connectors are ཕྲད་རང་དབང་ཅན་ the independent type.
Meaning: There are male, female, and neutral forms of the term of the owner. This and བ་ provide the gender inclusive form (མ་ནིང་ which can mean either neuter or inclusive of both male and female); པ་ and པོ་…
<ཚིག་ཕྲད་ phrase connector> One of three forms of the ལྷག་བཅས་ "continuative" connector of Tibetan grammar q.v. for explanation.
Placement: These connectors are of ཕྲད་གཞན་དབང་ཅན་ the dependent type. When a continuative connector is required, this one must be used when the preceding word has མཐའ་རྟེན་ཅན་ an ending letter of ན་ na, ར་ ra, ལ་ la, ས་ sa, or ད་དྲག་ forceful da.
A basic intertsheg of the language with the meaning "the way that something is done / happens". row of things, a group of things lined up in a row. It is combined with various other མིང་ grammatical names or ཚིག་ཕྲད་ connectors to give words that contain its meaning. It is often appended to a verb to indicate the way that the verb occurs. E.g., འགྲོ་སྟངས་, the way of proceeding / going / doing so…
ལ་
Transliteration: la
I.<consonant letter> The twenty-sixth of the གསལ་བྱེད་སུམ་ཅུ་ thirty consonants of the Tibetan language. 1) The enunciation of the consonant is defined as having: སྐྱེ་གནས་ place of production = teeth; བྱེད་པ་ producer = tip of the tongue; ནང་གི་རྩོལ་བ་ inner effort = the tip of the tongue slightly touched to the teeth; and ཕྱིའི་རྩོལ་བ་ outer effort = unaspirated and sounded. 2) When used…
དེ་
Transliteration: de
I.<ཚིག་ཕྲད་ phrase connector> One of a pair of terms that function as the indefinite pronoun, that and so on. The other is འདི་ q.v.
Placement: The term is an ཕྲད་རང་དབང་ཅན་ independent connector, therefore it has no special rules of placement.
Meaning: In Tibetan grammar, it is defined as a connector which stands to identify something else which as been mentioned in another place (i.e., a p…
I.<ཚིག་ཕྲད་ phrase connector> A compound connector that indicates the beginning of a conditional statement, with the same meaning as གལ་ཏེ་ or གལ་སྲིད་. It can be translated with "if" but more precisely conveys the sense "should", "should there be..." or "should it (verb)" or "if ... should... ". E.g., [BCA] བདག་དང་སྐལ་བ་མཉམ་པ་གཞན་གྱིས་ཀྱང་། །ཅི་སྟེ་འདི་དག་མཐོང་ན་དོན་ཡོད་འགྱུར། "...and for…
ཀྱིས་
Placement: This group of connectors is created from the group of connectors ཀྱི་, གི་, གྱི་, འི་, and ཡི་ (the group used to show the འབྲེལ་བའི་སྒྲ་ connective case of Tibetan grammar) by the addition of a ས་ letter. The p…
<ཚིག་ཕྲད་ phrase connector> A ཕྲད་གཞན་དབང་ཅན་ dependent connector which is one of the seven ལ་དོན་ "la-equivalents" q.v. for explanation.
Placement: When a la-equivalent is required, this one must be used when the preceding word has མཐའ་རྟེན་ཅན་ an ending letter of ག་, བ་, or re-suffixed ད་ (even if the ད་ letter is not written because of new orthography) E.g., བདག་ཏུ་འཛིན་པ་ and ཀུནད་ཏུ་འགྲ…
Placement: This group of connectors is created from the group of connectors ཀྱི་, གི་, གྱི་, འི་, and ཡི་ (the group used to show the འབྲེལ་བའི་སྒྲ་ connective case of Tibetan grammar) by the addition of a ས་ letter. The p…
I.<ཚིག་ཕྲད་ phrase connector> One of a group of three terms ཅིག་, ཞིག་, and ཤིག་ that show the indefinite article.
Placement: They are ཕྲད་གཞན་དབང་ཅན་ dependent connectors. When one of them is required, this one is placed after names ending with ག་, ད་, བ་, and ད་དྲག་ "forceful da".
Meaning: They are equivalent to the indefinite article "a" or "an" in English. E.g., ཕྲད་ཅིག་ "a connector"; ར…
<ཚིག་ཕྲད་ phrase connector> One of a group of several grammatical connectors used to show the eighth case, "term of calling" འབོད་པའི་སྒྲ་ q.v. for more. This connector is used in cases where the party being called out to (or hailed, saluted, or addressed) is of lower station than the caller. It is like the English, "Hey (you!)" or "Oi! (You there!)". Note that terms of calling are meant to b…
ཅོག་
Transliteration: cog
<ཚིག་ཕྲད་ phrase connector> [Old] Acc. [ULS] this term was an earlier term that was revised during the སྐད་གསར་བཅད་ language revisions and meant ཀུན་ and མ་ལུས་. [LGK] gives more information; he states "ཅོག་ in such as ཡོད་དོ་ཅོག། and འགྱུར་རོ་ཅོག། has the meaning of མཐའ་དག་ "the entirety / all of those (things mentioned in the text preceding the connector)". E.g., སྣང་བ་ཡོད་དོ་ཅོག " The con…
གང་
Transliteration: gang
I.<verb> Part of v.i. གང་བ་ q.v. II.<ཚིག་ཕྲད་ phrase connector> "Who", "what", "which". One of a group of four phrase connectors called the སྤྱི་ལ་ཁྱབ་པའི་ཚིག་ཕྲད་ "generality phrase connectors". As mentioned under that entry, it can function in three ways: 1) as a non-interrogative true generality; 2) as a non-interrogative particular; and 3) as an interrogative. These three usages …
སྡུད་པའི་སྒྲ་
Transliteration: sdud pa'i sgra
<noun> "Term of inclusion", "inclusion term". The name given to a particular ཚིག་ཕྲད་ phrase connector when it is in place and performing its particular function. The function has the general feature of gathering up terms so that their meanings are understood to be included with each other. The one name refers to a number of similar functions with that feature and which are separately defin…
ཇི་སྲིད་
Transliteration: ji srid
<ཚིག་ཕྲད་ phrase connector> that indicates a length or period of time during which something lasts e.g., "for as long as". This is usually a translation of a classical Sanskrit construction and one which is often followed by དེ་སྲིད་. For example, in verse, the first line would start with ཇི་སྲིད་ and have the sense "for as long as such and such" and then a subsequent line would start with ད… མཁྲེགས་
Transliteration: mkhregs
A basic intertsheg of the Tibetan language with the general sense of "hard". It is combined with various other མིང་ grammatical names or ཚིག་ཕྲད་ connectors to give words that contain its meaning e.g., མཁྲེགས་པོ་ "hard". Hard here has the connotation of not soft and pliable. It is different from སྲ་བ་ which means solid, i.e., not loose but compacted, as in a "solid clod of earth". Note that this i…
ཤེ་
Transliteration: she
I.<ཚིག་ཕྲད་ phrase connector> One of a group of three phrase connectors ཅེ་, ཞེ་, and ཤེ་ q.v.
Placement: They are ཕྲད་གཞན་དབང་ཅན་ dependent connectors. When one of them is required, this one is placed after names ending with ས་.
Meaning: They mean ཟེར་བ་ "to say" and བཤད་པ་ "to state, explain" and are used to demarcate statements that have been made. The term is usually used either in the f…
I.<ཚིག་ཕྲད་ phrase connector> One of a group of three connectors ཅིག་, ཞིག་, and ཤིག་ that show the indefinite article.
Placement: They are ཕྲད་གཞན་དབང་ཅན་ dependent connectors. When one of them is required, this one is placed after names ending with ང་, ན་, མ་, འ་, ར་, ལ་, and མཐའ་མེད་ no ending.
Meaning: They are equivalent to the indefinite article "a" or "an" in English. E.g., རྐང་ཞིག་ "…
<ཚིག་ཕྲད་ phrase connector> One of a group of three phrase connectors ཅེ་, ཞེ་, and ཤེ་ q.v.
Placement: They are ཕྲད་གཞན་དབང་ཅན་ dependent connectors. When one of them is required, this one is placed after names ending with ག་, ད་, བ་, and ད་དྲག་ forceful endings, too.
Meaning: They mean ཟེར་བ་ "to say" and བཤད་པ་ "to state, explain" and are used to demarcate statements that have been made. T…
I. A basic intertsheg of the language meaning "clean" as direct opposite of བཙོག་པ་ "dirty". It is combined with various other མིང་ grammatical names or ཚིག་ཕྲད་ connectors to give words that contain its meaning e.g., གཙང་མ་ "clean". II.<noun>1) "Tsang". The name of a region in Tibet. The district is often spoken of as part of the larger region དབུས་གཙང་ where དབུས་ refers to the central p…
གལ་
Transliteration: gal
I.<noun>1) A "trap" or "snare". 2) Like གནད་འགག་ "issue" or "key point". Usually used in conjunction with other words, e.g., གལ་ཆེན་ lit. "major issue" but usually meaning important. 3) Secret mantra terminology regarding ཚོགས་འཁོར་ feast gathering; གསང་བའི་སྐད་ secret term for certain foods used in a feast. II.<ཚིག་ཕྲད་ phrase connector> Acc. [SGC] གལ་ is a contraction of གང་ལ་. 1)… ནམ་
Transliteration: nam
I.<adv> Used to indicate the "time" that something happens. II.<noun>1) Used to mean མཚན་མོ་ "night". 2) Abbrev. of ནམ་མཁའ་ usually used to mean "the heavens (above)". 3) Abbrev. of ནམ་ལངས་ q.v. III.<ཚིག་ཕྲད་ phrase connector> One of a group of eleven connectors in grammar.
Placement: The group are ཕྲད་གཞན་དབང་ཅན་ dependent connectors. When one of these connectors is required, …
I.<verb> Imp. of བགྱིད་པ་ q.v. II.<ཚིག་ཕྲད་ phrase connector> One of the group of five connectors ཀྱིས་, གིས་, གྱིས་, འིས་, and ཡིས་ used to indicate the བྱེད་པའི་སྒྲ་ agentive case of Tibetan grammar q.v.
Placement: This group of connectors is created from the group of connectors ཀྱི་, གི་, གྱི་, འི་, and ཡི་ (the group used to show the འབྲེལ་བའི་སྒྲ་ connective case of Tibetan gramm…
<ཚིག་ཕྲད་ phrase connector> One of a group of three compound connectors: ཅེའོ་, ཞེའོ་, and ཤེའོ་.
Placement: The group are ཕྲད་གཞན་དབང་ཅན་ dependent connectors. When one of them is required, this one must be used after words that end in ག་, ད་, བ་, or ད་དྲག་ forceful ending.
Meaning: It is the phrase connector ཅེ་ q.v. meaning "say" with the concluder འོ་ joined into it to signify the end of …
I. A basic intertsheg of the Tibetan language with the meaning of being bent over. It is combined with various མིང་ grammatical names or ཚིག་ཕྲད་ connectors to give words that contain its meaning e.g., the verb གུག་པ་. II.<verb> Part of གུག་པ་ q.v. III.<adj> Derived from the verb: "hooked" or "bent over". E.g., གྲི་གུག་ is the flaying knife of ancient India which has a curved blade wi…
