THE ILLUMINATOR

Tibetan-English
Encyclopaedic Dictionary

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ཟླ་སྡུད་
Transliteration: zla sdud
<noun> "Coupled concluder". Grammar term. One of three synonyms for a particular type of ཚིག་ཕྲད་ connector. The other synonyms are སླར་བསྡུ་ and རྫོགས་ཚིག་ q.v. This term was not given by ཐུ་མི་སཾབྷོཊ་ Thumi Saṃbhoṭa in the original formulation of the grammar of the language but was coined by སྨྲྀ་ཏི་ཛྙཱ་ན་ཀཱི་རྟི་ Smṛitijñānakīrti in the eleventh century A.D. in his famous text on grammar…
འི་
Transliteration: 'i
I. <ཚིག་ཕྲད་ phrase connector><case connector> One of the group of five connectors ཀྱི་, གི་, གྱི་, འི་, and ཡི་ that have case function. These connectors are used to indicate the sixth Tibetan case called འབྲེལ་བ་ "connection". When any of them are in actual use as a connector that shows this case function, they are called འབྲེལ་བའི་སྒྲ་ "connective terms" q.v.
Placement: The connecto…

གྲག་
Transliteration: grag
I. <verb> Part of v.i. གྲག་པ་ q.v.
II. <ཚིག་ཕྲད་ phrase connector> but functioning as the equivalent of an English <verb>. One of three, similar terms all used like English verbs but not classified as a verb in Tibetan. The three are: ལོ་, གྲག་, and ཟེར་ q.v. They all have the sense of "say", "said", "was said", "is said" and are placed after the description of an event or some s…
གཉན་
Transliteration: gnyan
I. A basic intertsheg of the Tibetan language with the connotations "severe", "cruel", "very harsh". It is combined with various other མིང་ grammatical names or ཚིག་ཕྲད་ connectors to give words that contain its meaning. E.g., གཉན་ by itself refers to a class of spirits that are generally very cruel to humans (see below). E.g., གཉན་པ་ is an adjective that means "severe", "cruel", etc.
II. <noun…
ལྷུན་
Transliteration: lhun
I. A basic intertsheg of the Tibetan language with an essential meaning of the "mass" of something. It is combined with various other མིང་ grammatical names or ཚིག་ཕྲད་ connectors to give words that contain its meaning. One meaning that is not obvious is that of ལྷུན་གྱིས་ meaning "spontaneous"; in this case, the idea is that something (the mass) exerts itself of its own accord; this meaning is f…
ཇི་ལྟར་
Transliteration: ji ltar
<ཚིག་ཕྲད་ phrase connector> similar to ཇི་བཞིན་ and ཇི་འདྲ་. 1) This has the two usages of i) གང་འདྲ་ how something is and ii) ནང་བཞིན་ "in that way", "like that". Hence, according to context, "how", "in what way", "as" and "like", etcetera. E.g., [FEG] ཇི་ལྟར་བསྒོམས་ཤིང་ཉམས་སུ་བླངས་ཀྱང་ "no matter how you meditate and practice". 2) [Old] Acc. [LGK] this term was used to mean ཇི་སྙམ་ q.v. i…
མི་
Transliteration: mi
I. <noun> 1) In its broadest meaning "a person", a གང་ཟག་ q.v. in general. 2) Translation of the Sanskrit [NDS] "manuṣhyaḥ". In its next level of more restricted meaning, one of the འགྲོ་བ་དྲུག་ six classes of migrators, "human beings in general", "mankind", "(human) people". 3) At its most restricted level of meaning, "a male", "a man", "a person". In this case it means usually "human" or …
དོ་
Transliteration: do
I. 1) Indicating a pair, a couple, two things taken together. 2) Indicating a match, counterpart, an equal.
II. <ཚིག་ཕྲད་ phrase connector> One of eleven forms of the སླར་བསྡུ་ concluding connector q.v.
Placement: These connectors are of ཕྲད་གཞན་དབང་ཅན་ the dependent type. When a concluding connector is required, this one must be used following a word that has an ending letter ད་. E.g., སླད་ད…

རིས་
Transliteration: ris
I. A base intertsheg of the language that has the meaning of a design or shape or pattern and which is combined with various other མིང་ grammatical names or ཚིག་ཕྲད་ connectors to give words that contain its meaning e.g., ལག་རིས་ the shape of the hand. Hence also "-shaped"e.g., ཟླ་རིས, "-shaped". Hence similarly, "design", "-designed"; "pattern", "-patterned". Hence also "motif" e.g., ཆུ་རིས་ "ri…
ནི་སྒྲ་
Transliteration: ni sgra
<phrase> "Ni term". Grammar term. This term refers to the use of the term ནི་ as a ཚིག་ཕྲད་ phrase connector. The connector has two functions: 1) དགར་བ་ segregating items in a list; and 2) བརྣན་པ་ highlighting something for any of several purposes, for example this is also called an ངེས་གཟུང་གི་སྒྲ་་ "identifying term" because it can be used to give a further identification of the term prio…
ཀྱང་
Transliteration: kyang
<ཚིག་ཕྲད་ phrase connector> Defined in Tibetan grammar as one of three རྐྱེན་ circumstances of the functions called རྒྱན་སྡུད་ "ornament-inclusion". The three circumstances are ཀྱང་, འང་, and ཡང་. When these circumstances are put into actual use, they cease to be circumstances and are called རྒྱན་སྡུད་ཀྱི་སྒྲ་ "terms of ornament-inclusion". Note that a circumstance has no meaning until it i…
ཚིག་འབྲུ་
Transliteration: tshig 'bru
<noun> "Phrase component (letter)s". The individual letters, i.e., the component letters of the མིང་ and ཕྲད་ contained in a ཚིག་ phrase. Claims in some dictionaries that this is the sound of "one word", or that it refers to syllables are totally incorrect. This refers to the letters, taken one by one, pronounced or not pronounced, of a phrasing whatever it might be. E.g., in the phrase མི་…
པོ་
Transliteration: po
An accessory that is added to མིང་ names to make a ཚིག་ phrase. It is used in one of two ways.
I. <ཚིག་ཕྲད་ phrase connector> It is one of several accessories that provide the བདག་པོའི་སྒྲ་ "term of the owner". This and པ་ provide the male form; བ་ and བོ་ provide the gender inclusive form; and མ་ and མོ་ provide the female form. For example, adding this to གྲོགས་, a grammatical name with th…
ལོ་
Transliteration: lo
I. <noun> 1) "Year". [Hon] is གནམ་ལོ་ In Western terms, the time taken for the earth to complete a revolution around the sun. However, there are several differing definitions in the Tibetan system because in Tibet the time of a year is calculated based on astrological calculations and several astrological systems are in use. [TC] gives as "the time for the sun to transit the twelve lunar ho…
གལ་ཏེ་
Transliteration: gal te
<ཚིག་ཕྲད་ phrase connector> used to indicate the conditional. [SGC] explains that the term is derived from གང་ལ་ཏེ་ which is then shortened to this term.
Placement: the connector is placed prior to an expression to mark the state of the conditional expression. The phrase connector ན་ is placed at the end to mark the end of the conditional expression.
Meaning: acc. Tibetan grammar, the term is…

ཞེས་
Transliteration: zhes
<ཚིག་ཕྲད་ phrase connector> One of a group of two connectors ཅེས་ and ཞེས་.
Placement: The group are ཕྲད་གཞན་དབང་ཅན་ dependent connectors. When one of them is required, this one must be used after words that end in ང་, ན་, མ་, འ་, ར་, ལ་, and མཐའ་མེད་ no ending as expected because of the rules of gender equivalence and, in addition, there is the special case of being also connected after let…

རུ་
Transliteration: ru
I. <noun> A term which means a "wing" or "section" of a larger group or whole. 1) Used to indicate a sub-division of a town or region. 2) Used to indicate a "squad" or "company" in an army. A རུ་དཔོན་ who is the leader of such a རུ་ company / squad is equivalent to a sergeant in charge of a company of privates. 3) Used to indicate one "wing" or section of something. E.g., གཡས་རུ་གཡོན་རུ་ "t…
འམ་
Transliteration: 'am
<ཚིག་ཕྲད་ phrase connector> One of a group of eleven connectors in grammar.
Placement: The group are ཕྲད་གཞན་དབང་ཅན་ dependent connectors. When one of these connectors is required, the appropriate one must be chosen from the group. The appropriate one depends on the ending letter of the preceding word. If the preceding word ends in letter འ་ or has no ending, this connector འམ་ must be used.…

རྒོད་
Transliteration: rgod
A basic intertsheg of the Tibetan language with the general sense of "wild". It is combined with various other མིང་ grammatical names or ཚིག་ཕྲད་ connectors to give words that contain its meaning e.g., རྒོད་པ་ "agitated". q.v.
1) The bird "vulture". 2) Abbrev. of རྒོད་པ་ q.v. 3) Sometimes seen as a mistaken spelling of དགོད་པ་ as in laughter or deliberately used in the sense of "losing control of …
ཞིང་
Transliteration: zhing
I. <noun> 1) In general Tibetan, a country, land, place, field. E.g.. in ཞིང་ཁ་ a farmer's field. 2) In Buddhism, translation of the Sanskrit "kṣhetra". Literally, a field, meaning a region containing a particular type of existence. It is important to note that there are both samsaric and nirvanic fields, therefore, to translate this as "buddha-field" as has commonly been done is mistaken. …
དཀར་
Transliteration: dkar
A basic intertsheg of the Tibetan language that provides several meanings related to the idea of white, bright, and so on. It is the opposite of ནག་ which contains the opposite range of meanings such as black, dark, and so on. It is combined with various other མིང་ grammatical names or ཚིག་ཕྲད་ connectors to give words that contain its meaning e.g., the most common one, དཀར་པོ་ with its various m…
གྲལ་
Transliteration: gral
I. A basic intertsheg of the Tibetan language with the general sense of row of things, a group of things lined up in a row. It is combined with various other མིང་ grammatical names or ཚིག་ཕྲད་ connectors to give words that contain its meaning e.g., གྲལ་སྟར་ and དལ་པོ་ q.v.
II. <noun> "Sitting row". In Buddhist monasteries and practice centres, participants in ceremonies are seated in rows. T…