THE ILLUMINATOR

Tibetan-English
Encyclopaedic Dictionary

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མཐའ་ཅན་
Transliteration: mtha' can
<noun> 1) Generally, that which has an end, has a final limit, a place where something stops or finishes. 2) In grammar, "ended" or "having an ending" as abbrev. of མཐའ་རྟེན་ཅན་ q.v. E.g., མིང་གཞི་ས་མཐའ་ཅན་ "a name base with the ending sa" or "a sa letter ended name-base".
མིང་གཞི་
Transliteration: ming gzhi
<noun> "Name-base". Grammar term. Tibetan language begins with letters. Letters are then used to produce two different types of basic morpheme of the language. The first is called a མིང་ grammatical name and the second a ཚིག་ཕྲད་ phrase connector. Of the two, the names are seen as more important and the phrase connectors are seen only as accessories to the names. Thus, when the construction…
འཕུལ་ཡིག་
Transliteration: 'phul yig
<noun> "Fronting letter". The name given in grammar to any one of the five letters defined as སྔོན་འཇུག་ prefix letters after it has actually been written in place. It is so called because it fronts up to the མིང་གཞི་ name-base letter of a name, pushing into it from ahead. This is in contrast to the རྗེས་འཇུག་ suffix letters which come up to the name-base from behind and hence are known as …
མཐའ་ཡིག་
Transliteration: mtha' yig
<phrase> "Ending letter". The name given in grammar to any one of the ten letters defined as རྗེས་འཇུག་ suffix letters (which includes the re-suffix letters) after it has actually been written in place. It is so called because it is written after the མིང་གཞི་ name-base letter of a grammatical name, thus ending the name. This is in contrast to the སྔོན་འཇུག་ prefix letters which push into th…
མཐའ་རྟེན་ཅན་
Transliteration: mtha' rten can
<phrase> "With final ending". Grammar term. Words (called མིང་ "name" in Tibetan grammar) which have a letter joined after the (མིང་གཞི་) basic letter of the name (called "the name-base" in Tibetan grammar) and which letter then ends the name. In short, it means a Tibetan word which has either a suffix or a re-suffix joined to the name-base. For instance, a name which is "ས་མཐའ་རྟེན་ཅན་" i.…
མཐའ་རྟེན་
Transliteration: mtha' rten
<noun> In general, referring to something that occupies the position at the end of a greater whole. 1) "Ending" or "end-positioned (letter)". A grammar term that refers to a letter that has been suffixed or re-suffixed to a མིང་ name and which is thus in the མཐའ་ end position (q.v.) of the name. It does not refer to the last written letter in general, which might be the མིང་གཞི་ base letter…
མིང་གཞིའི་མཚན་མེད་
Transliteration: ming gzhi'i mtshan med
<phrase> "Characterless name-base letter". Abbrev. of མིང་གཞིའི་མཚན་མེད་ཡི་གེ་. The ལུང་སྟོན་པ་རྟགས་ཀྱི་འཇུག་པ་ Application of Gender Signs defines four of the མིང་གཞི་ name-base letters as མོ་གཤམ་ཡི་གེ་ "barren letters"; they are ར་ ra, ལ་ la, ཧ་ ha, and ཨ་ a. These four are called barren because they have the weakest force of pronunciation of all the name base letters. The text then state…
མིང་མཐའ་
Transliteration: ming mtha'
<noun> "Name-ending". Grammar term. This has two, quite distinct usages in grammar. When reading grammar texts it can be difficult to distinguish the two. 1) A name-ending is a letter, whatever it might be, that has been affixed after the མིང་གཞི་ name-base letter in a མིང་ grammatical name and which ends that name. If the name-base of a name has only a suffix affixed to it, then that suffi…
སྔོན་འཇུག་ལྔ་
Transliteration: sngon 'jug lnga
<noun> "The five prefixes". Grammar term. Tibetan words are constructed of letters, which are of two types: vowels and consonants. Tibetan words by definition have consonant letters in one of three places: a main position called the མིང་གཞི་ name-base; a prefix position to that name-base; and a རྗེས་འཇུག་ suffix position to the name-base. Of the thirty consonants all can be used in the name…
ལ་བཏགས་
Transliteration: la btags
<noun> "Sub-joined la". See བཏགས་པ་ for a general discussion of sub-joined letters and see also ཡ་བཏགས་ sub-joined ya, ར་བཏགས་ sub-joined ra, and ཝ་བཏགས་ sub-joined wa. When a ལ་ la consonant is sub-fixed to a མིང་གཞི་ name-base letter, the sub-joined letter itself and the combined letter both are called ལ་བཏགས་; i.e., ལ་བཏགས་ means both "sub-fixed la" and "letter with la sub-fix".
The sub-f…
འ་
Transliteration: 'a
I. <consonant letter> The twenty-third of the གསལ་བྱེད་སུམ་ཅུ་ thirty consonants of the Tibetan language. 1) The enunciation of the consonant is defined as having: སྐྱེ་གནས་ place of production = the throat; བྱེད་པ་ producer = the throat; ནང་གི་རྩོལ་བ་ inner effort = opened larynx; and ཕྱིའི་རྩོལ་བ་ outer effort = unaspirated and sounded. 2) When used as a མིང་གཞི་ name-base, the consonant …
མོ་གཤམ་ཡི་གེ་
Transliteration: mo gsham yi ge
<phrase> "Barren letters". Grammar term. Letters of barren gender are defined in ལུང་སྟོན་པ་རྟགས་ཀྱི་འཇུག་པ་ Application of Gender Signs q.v. for a summary of the text. See also ཕོ་ཡིག་ male letters; མོ་ཡིག་ female letters; and མོ་གཤམ་ཡི་གེ་ barren letters.
The Application of Gender Signs creates a set of gender categories for each of three types of consonants used in the construction of Tib…
ཏ་
Transliteration: ta
I. <consonant letter> The ninth of the གསལ་བྱེད་སུམ་ཅུ་ thirty consonants of the Tibetan language. 1) The enunciation of the consonant is defined as having: སྐྱེ་གནས་ place of production = the teeth; བྱེད་པ་ producer = ལྕེ་རྩེ་ the tip of the tongue; ནང་གི་རྩོལ་བ་ inner effort = joining the tip of the tongue to the teeth; and ཕྱིའི་རྩོལ་བ་ outer effort = unaspirated and un-sounded. 2) When …
མ་ནིང་ཡི་གེ་
Transliteration: ma ning yi ge
<phrase> "Neutral letters". Grammar term. Letters of neutral gender are defined in ལུང་སྟོན་པ་རྟགས་ཀྱི་འཇུག་པ་ Application of Gender Signs q.v. for a summary of the text. See also ཕོ་ཡིག་ male letters; མོ་ཡིག་ female letters; ཤིན་ཏུ་མོ་ཡིག་ extremely female letters; and མོ་གཤམ་ཡི་གེ་ barren letters.
The Application of Gender Signs creates a set of gender categories for each of three types of…